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阿尔茨海默病真的是3型糖尿病吗?②
原创 KimberlyBjugstad 阿尔茨海默病


胰岛素和ApoE等位基因
无论周期从何处开始,胰岛素都在痴呆症中起作用,并可能在痴呆症的治疗中发挥作用。首先,应该承认长期使用胰岛素来控制糖尿病会增加患痴呆症的风险。接受胰岛素治疗的糖尿病患者罹患痴呆症的可能性是通过饮食和生活方式改变来控制疾病的糖尿病患者的两倍。
急性胰岛素治疗虽然已显示可暂时改善认知功能,但存在风险。为了改善认知,通过外周给药,使胰岛素进入中枢神经系统,有发生低血糖事件的风险。因此,一些研究调查了急性鼻内胰岛素给药的使用,其不改变血糖或胰岛素水平。这些研究发现,鼻内胰岛素治疗(20-40 IU)后,AD和轻度认知障碍(MCI)患者在延迟回忆、列表学习和故事回忆方面的得分均有所提高,但是研究组之间存在很大差异。这种变异性可能与迟发性阿尔茨海默病(LOAD)相关的特定遗传特征有关。

ApoE参与运输和处理细胞膜的不同成分,包括APP / Aβ、胆固醇和脂蛋白。它参与膜功能可能是ApoE4 阳性和ApoE4阴性痴呆患者胰岛素治疗后反应可变背后的机制。有记录表明,在ApoE4 阳性的大脑中,胰岛素受体较少,血脑屏障的通透性增加,脑血管壁变薄。

许多研究证实了这一观察,即迟发性阿尔茨海默病和痴呆症与糖尿病相关。然而,将这两种类型的痴呆症归为一个单一的名称——3型糖尿病(Type 3 Diabetes),还是需谨慎。Potter博士进一步告诉内分泌网(Endocrine Web):
“综合这些事实,一些研究人员认为,阿尔茨海默病应被视为3型糖尿病。这可能仍然是正确的。然而,据报道,一种合理的解决方案(通过鼻喷剂为大脑提供额外的胰岛素)对改善甚至减缓正在进行的认知功能下降无效。显然,还需要做更多的工作。”
两种疾病都直接进入共同的病理生理途径,但是推测其他不相关或间接的途径也参与其中并非没有道理。正如Potter博士所指出的,还需要做更多的工作,并且考虑到涉及的遗传学、药物遗传学方法可能在两种疾病中起主导作用。

参考文献
Source:endocrineweb
Is Alzheimer’s Disease Really Type 3 Diabetes?
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